《三国演义》开篇第一行概括道：“话说天下大势，分久必合，合久必分。”；一百二十回末尾，故事又以颠倒说法的一行结束：“此所谓‘天下大势，合久必分，分久必合’者也”。照我看来，这就是《三国演义》的总主题。自然，还有一些分主题或深刻思想来支撑和说明总主题。据此，全书可分为三部分：第一部分由第一回至第三十五回组成，可用探本索源来概括，也就是说，汉朝是为什么和如何垮台的？正如文本所说：“推其致乱之由，殆始于桓、灵二帝。桓帝禁锢善类，崇信宦官。”“四方百姓，裹黄巾从张角反者四五十万。”（第一回）“昔黄巾造反，其原皆由十常侍卖官鬻爵，非亲不用，非仇不诛，以致天下大乱。”“十常侍既握重权，互相商议：但有不从己者，诛之。”“四方盗贼并起，侵掠州郡。其祸皆由十常侍卖官害民，欺君罔上。朝廷正人皆去，祸在目前矣！”“刘陶大呼：‘臣死不惜！可怜汉室天下，四百余年，到此一旦休矣！’”（第二回）十常被灭后，少帝被废，董卓所立陈留王刘协，“灵帝中子，即献帝也；时年九岁。董卓为相国，赞拜不名，入朝不趋，剑履上殿，威福莫比。”（第四回）后来，“曹孟德移驾幸许都”，“自此大权皆归于曹操：朝廷大务，先禀曹操，然后方奏天子（皇帝）。”（第十四回）至此，汉王朝已名存实亡，走完了其自毁的历程，至曹丕篡汉时，他才履行了个形式上的手续。第二部分由第三十六回至第一○四回组成，可用三国的兴亡来概括，也就是说，魏、蜀、吴三国是如何建立并维持下去的？又是如何消失的？理想的帝王、将相应有些什么品质？一般说来，建国者都尊重人才、求贤若渴，从而人才荟萃、人尽其才；他们都积极进取，百折不挠；他们都得民心，因而得天下。第三部分由第一○五回至第一二○回组成，可用三国灭亡、西晋一统来概括，也就是说，三国为什么会灭亡？西晋又是如何统一的？三国灭亡的根本原因正如汉王朝自毁的原因一样：建国者死后，他们的子孙作为皇帝，“溺于酒色，不理朝政”；“禁锢善类，崇信宦官”；昏庸无能，荒淫无道。唉，三国兴亡的循环圈是多么典型啊！那是中国历史上许多朝代兴亡循环圈中最值得我们深思的——如蜀汉王朝仅在第二代就亡了！

heromanceofhehreekingdoms’openinglineisepiomized：“heempire，longdivided，musunie；longunied，musdivide”onehundredandwenychaperserhesoryendswihhelinereversed：“heempire，longunied，musdivide；longdivided，musunie”hisis，omyhinking，henovel’sgeneralhemenaurally，herearesomesubhemesorprofoundideaswhichareusedosupporandinerprehegeneralhemebasedonhegeneralheme，henovelmaybedividedinohreepars：hefirsparismadeupofchaper1ochaper35imaybeepiomizedin“probingheoriginsofindhesource”，haisosay，whyandhowdoeshandynasyfall？i’sjusasheexreads：“hecauseofhan’sfallmayberacedohereignsofxian’swopredecessors，huanandlinghuandrovefromofficeandpersecuedofficialsofinegriyandabiliy，givingallhisrusohiseunuchs”“fromhefourcornersofherealmhecommonfolk，nearlyhalfamillionsrong，boundheirheadswihyellowurbansandfollowedzhangjiaoinrebellion”(chaper1)“saleofofficeandrankbyheeneunuchsishefundamenalcauseofherecenuprisingsheyhaveappoinedonlyheirownandpunishedonlyheirenemies，andhavehrownherealminochaosinheprocess”“ahecourheeneunuchswereusingheirgreapowerodoawaywihanyonewhowenagainshem”“bandisandrebelsriseeverywhere，plunderingprovinceanddisric—allbecauseofhesaleofofficeandheabuseofhepeoplebyheeneunuchs，whohavewrongedanddeceivedyourmajesyalluprighmenhavefledyourservicedisaserlooms”“icarenoformylife，”criedliuao，“buhowmyhearachesforempireofhan—onhevergeofexincionaferfourhundredyears！”(chaper2)aferheeneunuchswerekilledandheemperorshaowasdeposed，henewemperor，princeofchenliu，liuxie，wasenhronedbywarlorddongzhuo“hewashesecondsonofemperorling，nineyearsoldasemperorxiandongzhuobecameprimeminiserbuhedidnousehisownnamewhensaluinghesovereignnorcomforhimselfreverenlybyscurryinginhispresence，nordidheremovehisboosandswordbeforehehroneasrequiredhepresigeandwealhheamassedraisedhimaboveall”(chaper4)aferwards“caocaomovesheemperoroxuchang”“powerwasconcenraedincaocao’shandsosuchadegreehaallimporanissuesacourwerefirsproposedbypeiionohimandhenpresenedohesonofheaven(emperor)”(chaper14)upohaimehehandynasyhadamerenominalexisenceandfinishedisselfdesroyingcoursebuiwasnounilcaopiusurpedhehroneofhanhahewenhroughheceremonialprocedurehesecondparconsissofchaper36ochaper104imaybesummarizedinaphrase“heriseandfallofhehreekingdoms”，iehowarehehreekingdoms—wei，shuandwuesablishedandmainained？andhowdoheydisappear？whaarehequaliiesofanidealemperor，anidealgeneralandanidealminiser？generallyspeaking，hedynasicfoundersrespecalenedpeopleandhirsaferalensconsequenlyheyhaveagaxyofalenedpeopleandgivefullscopeohealensheykeepforgingaheadenergeicallyandneveryieldinspieofreverses

heywinmen’shearsanddeserveorulehehirdparincludeschaper105ochaper120imaybesummedupinwophrases“hehreekingdoms’disappearance”and“hereunificaionofhejin”，ie

whydohehreekingdomsdisappear？howisheempirereuniedbyhejin？heessenialreasonsofhreekingdoms’disappearancearejushesameofhehandynasy’selfdesrucion：aferhedynasicfoundersdied，heirdescendansasheemperors“indulgedinviceandluxuryandneglecedhebusinessofhecour”，“drovefromofficeandpersecuedofficialsofinegriyandabiliy，givingallhisrusohiseunuchs”，andalwayswerefauousandincompeen，profligaeanddevoidofprinciplesay，whaaypical“dynasiccycle”hehreekingdoms’orhreedynasies’riseandfallcycleis！iishemosvaluableoneamongmany“dynasies’riseandfallcircles”whichareworhourwhileohinkover—forinsance，heshuhandynasydisappearedwhenhesecondemperorwassillonhehrone

晋朝重新统一，花费了司马氏三代人的惨淡经营。他们为建立晋朝经历了千辛万苦。

司马懿军功卓着，声威大震，增强了势力，聚集了很多人才，因而他敢于发动军事政变。

“魏主曹芳封司马懿为丞相，加九锡。懿固辞不肯受。芳不准，令父子三人同领国事。”从此，“魏主政归司马氏”。（第一○七回）司马懿死后，魏主曹芳封司马懿长子司马师为大将军，总领尚书机密大事，次子司马昭为骠骑上将军（第一○八回）。两年后，司马师废曹芳，立曹髦为新君。“假大将军司马师黄钺，入朝不趋，奏事不名，带剑上殿。”（第一○九回）司马师于正元二年二月（公元255年）死于眼瘤后，其弟司马昭继其兄掌大权，军政大小事情，皆归于昭（第一一○回）。是年六月（公元260年），“司马昭立常道乡公曹璜为帝，改元景元元年。璜改名曹奂，字景明。——乃武帝曹操之孙，燕王曹宇之子也。——奂封昭为相国、晋公”。（第一一四回）“朝中大臣因昭收川有功，遂尊之为王，表奏魏主曹奂。时奂名为天子，实不能主张，政皆由司马氏，不敢不从，遂封晋公司马昭为晋王……昭遂立长子司马炎为世子。”司马昭于公元265年死于中风。“是日，司马炎即晋王位……谥父为文王。”“司马炎，人物魁伟，立发垂地，两手过膝，聪明英武，胆量过人。”，具有帝王形象和素质。公元265年的一天，司马炎带剑入宫，直入后宫问魏帝曹奂：“魏之天下，谁之力之？”奂曰：“皆晋王父祖之赐耳。”炎笑曰：“吾观陛下，文不能论道，武不能经邦。何不让有才德者主也？”奂大惊，口噤不能言。傍有黄门侍郎张节大喝曰：“晋王之言差矣！昔日魏武祖皇帝，东荡西除，南征北讨，非容易得此天下；今天子有德无罪，何故让与人耶？”炎大怒曰：“此社稷乃大汉之社稷也。曹操挟天子以令诸侯，自立魏王，篡夺汉室。吾祖父三世辅魏，得天下者，非曹氏之能，实司马氏之力也：四海咸知。吾今日岂不堪绍魏之天下乎？”节又曰：“欲行此事，是篡国之贼也！”炎大怒曰：“吾与汉家报仇，有何不可！”叱武士将张节乱瓜打死于殿下。奂泣泪跪告。炎起身下殿而去。奂谓贾充、裴秀曰：“事已急矣，如之奈何？”充曰：“天数尽矣，陛下不可逆天，当照汉献帝故事，重修受禅坛，具大礼，禅位与晋王：上合天心，下顺民情，陛下可保无虞矣。”奂从之，遂令贾充筑受禅坛。以十二月甲子日（公元265年），奂亲捧传国玺，立于坛上，大会文武。请晋王司马炎登坛，授与大礼（第一一九回）。真是“魏吞汉室晋吞曹”，晋的榜样是曹操。从上述解释和《三国演义》的文本引语我们不仅领会到了司马氏是为何及如何正如曹氏一样篡夺王位的，而且领悟到三国是为何及如何被司马氏统一的，甚至还能理解朝代兴亡循环圈是为何及如何重复多次地出现。我们总算理解了《三国演义》的主题对我们的重要性。

hereunificaionofherealmofhejindynasyooksimahreegeneraions’greapainsocarryonheirworkunderdifficulcircumsancesheyexperiencedallkindsofhardshipsofoundheirowndynasysimayiperformedousandingexploisandgainedgreafameandhighpresigeconsequenlyhesrenghenedhisforcesandgaheredmanyalenedpeoplehawaswhyhedaredosageacoupd’ea“herulerofwei，caofang，appoinedsimayiashisprimeminiser，conferringuponhimheninedigniies

simayiproesedsrenuously，bucaofangprevailed，requiringsimayiandhiswosonsomanagejoinlyheaffairsofsae”fromhenon“wei’srulewasransferredohehouseofsima(chaper107)”afersimayipassedaway，heweirulercaofang，appoinedsimayi’seldersonsimashihisregenmarshandauhorizedhimosupervisehesecrearia’smossensiivedecisions；simayi’ssecondsonsimazhaowasmadesuperiorgeneralofheflyingcavalry(chaper108)woyearsersimashideposedcaofangandesablishedcaomaoashenewsovereign“hegoldenbaleaxeofsuprememiliaryauhoriywaspcedinhehandsofregenmarshalsimashihewaspermiedowalkinohepacewihouhaseningandbendingover，opeiionheemperorwihouusinghisgivenname，andoascendhehronehallwearingasword(chaper109)afersimashidiedofheumoronhiseyeinhesecondmonhofhesecondyearofzhengyuan(ad255)，hisyoungerbrohersimazhaoinheriedhisbroher’spowerhereafer，allgovernmenalandmiliarymaersweredecidedbysimazhao(chaper110)inhesixhmonhofheyear，simazhaoesablishedcaohuang，helordofchangdaovilge，asemperorandchangedhereignojingyuan，‘specacurorigin，’year1(ad260)caohuang’snamewaschangedocaohuan(jingming)hewashegrandsonofhemarialemperorcaocao，andhesonofcaoyu，princeofyancaohuanhonoredsimazhaoasprimeminiserandlordpariarchofjin(chaper114)“aheweicourhegreavassalspeiionedherulercaohuanohonorsimazhaoaskinginrecogniionofhisachievemeninconqueringhepinhuan，sonofheaveninnamealone，hadnoinfluenceaallanddarednoopposesimazhao，whoheldallpowerofdecisionhuanhereforeconfersimazhao，lordpariarchofjin，askingofjinsimazhaoesablishedhiseldersonsimayanasheirsonsimazhaodiedofaseveresrokeinad265“hadaysimayanassumedheposiionofkingofjinsimayan’sfaher，zhao，wasposhumouslyiledkingwen”“simayanwasamanofimposingsaure，wihhairsolonghaiouchedhegroundandarmssolonghaheyhungbelowhiskneeshewasamanofquickmindandabrillianwarriorofsurpassingcourage”hehadanemperor’simageandqualiiesonedayinad265simayanookhisswordandeneredhepaceandwendireclyoherearchamberandaskedcaohuan，rulerofwei，“whoseefforshavemainainedheempireforwei？”“weoweeveryhingohefaherandgrandfaherofhekingofjin，”caohuanrespondedwihasmilesimayanwenon，“inmyjudgmenyourmajesyhasprovenillinformedasoheruewayofgovernmenandisunableodefendhekingdommiliarilyshouldyounosepasideforarulerwihhenecessaryalenandvirue？”caohuanwasdumbfoundedbesidehimwaszhangjie，acourierfromhei

erbureau，whoshoued，“hekingofjinspeaksfalse！ourmarilancesorcaocaoledsweepingconquessinhefourdirecions；iwasnoeasyaskforhimowinheempirehepresensonofheavenhashisvirueandisguilyofnocrimewhyshouldheyieldhisreign？”wrahfully，simayanresponded，“hedynasicalarsbelongohegreahancaocaocoercedhesonofheavenasameansoconrolhelordsofherealmhemadehimselfkingofwei，henheusurpedhehouseofhaniself

myfaherandhisfaherbeforehimguidedandsupporedheweidynasy，whichpossessedheempirebyhesrenghofhehouseofsima，noofcao—asheworldwellknowswhyshouldinoinherihereignofwei？”zhangjiereored，“ifyoucarryihrough，iwillbereasonbyusurpaion！”simayanexplodedinanger“iamavenginghehouseofhan，”hecried“issomehingwrongwihha？”sosaying，simayanorderedhisguardsobeazhangjieodeahinhehronehallwihhegoldenceremonialmacecaohuankneeledandpleadeddesperaely，busimayanroseandlefhehronehallcaohuansaidojiachongandpeixiu，“wehavereachedhecrisiswhaisobedone？”jiachongresponded，“heheavenlyordainedimehasexpiredyourmajesyshouldnodefyheaven，buraherfollowheprecedenofemperorxianandhaveanoheralarforheaccepanceofheabdicaionerecedforheransferofheimperialsealohekingofjinwihdullceremonialsplendorsuchanacwouldcoincidewihhewishofheavenandconformohepeople’smoodwhileensuringyourmajesy’ssecuriyandpeaceofmind”caohuanaccepedhisadviceandorderedjiachongoconsruchealaronhefirscyclicaldayinhewelfhmonh(ad265)caohuan，hesealofsaeheldhighinbohhands，ascendedhealarinfronofagrandcongregaionofcivindmiliaryofficialsnex，simayan，kingofjin，wasrequesedoascendhealarandaccepheabdicaion(chaper119)i’srueha“weiswallowedhan，andhenjinswallowedwei；”“jin’smodelwascaocao，kingofwei”fromwhaisexpinedandquoedfromheexofheromanceofhehreekingdomswecanseenoonlywhyandhowhesimasusurpedhehronejusashecaosdidbualsowhyandhowhehreekingdomswerereuniedbyhesimas，andfurhermorewecanundersandwhyandhowhedynasiccycleswouldberepeaedlymademanyimesnowwe’vealsoundersoodhowimporanhehemeofheromanceofhehreekingdomsoallofusreaders

《三国演义》在艺术上取得了很大的成就，主要表现在以下几个方面：

hegreaarisicexcellencesofheromanceofhehreekingdomslieinhefollowing：

一、比较恰当地处理了历史与文学之间的关系。写的是三国时期的历史，但作者既没有照抄历史，也没有任意夸饰历史，而是根据一定的历史观念、道德观念和美学理想对历史进行艺术创造，使不仅反映了历史的真实风貌，又具有文学的形象性、生动性与可读性，描绘出一幅波澜壮阔的历史画卷。

firsly，hereionshipbeweenhisoryandlieraureisproperlyreaedhoughhenovelcoversahisoryofhehreekingdomsperiod，heauhordoesnocopyorexaggeraehehisoricalfiguresandevens，buarisicallyrecreaeshemaccordingohegivenhisoricalconcep，ehicsandaesheics，husmakinghenovelrueohehisoricalrealiyonheonehandandvivid，graphicandreadableonheoheramagnificenscrollofhisoryunrollsiselfinfronofus

二、塑造出了一批性格鲜明的历史人物形象。像刘备的仁德忠厚，诸葛亮的足智多谋，曹操的奸诈雄豪，关羽的忠义勇武，张飞的鲁莽粗豪，周瑜的心胸狭窄，司马懿的老奸巨猾等。作者在描写人物时，特别善于抓住一个人物的主要性格特征加以突出、渲染、夸张，使人物具有一定的“类”的意义，成为某一类人的代表，如诸葛亮是智慧人物的典型，曹操是奸诈人物的典型，关羽是忠义人物的典型等。

secondly，agroupofhisoricalcharacersareporrayedofheirdisincivepersonaliiesforinsance，liubeihebenevolen，honesandkindheared；zhugelianghewiseandresourceful；caocaohecrafyandpowerful；guanyuheloyalandheroic；zhangfeiheimpeuousandforhrigh；zhouyuhenarrowmindedandsimayiherickyanddecepiveinhischaracerizaionsheauhorresorsoembellishmenandexaggeraionsoemphasizehemajoraspecsofheirpersonaliiesandmakeshischaracersino“ypes”，whichrepresendifferensorsofpeopleforinsance，zhugeliangisypicalofhewise，caocaoofhereacherousandguanyuofheloyal

三、采用浅显的文言，明快流畅、雅俗共赏；笔法富于变化，对比映衬，旁冗侧出，波澜曲折，摇曳多姿。

hirdly，hepinandhesmoohancienchineseinwhichnoveliswrien，plushediversifiedformsofexpressionandfigureofspeech，hadmadeiaccessibleobohherefinedandpopurases

四、以错综复杂的事件完整严密、人物组织各种各样和错落有致的结构为特色，生动地描绘出一幅三国时期百年历史的连续画景。

fourhly，henovelfeauresadiverserangeofcharacersandevenspresenedinawellknisrucure

ivividlyporraysapanoramaof100yearsofhehreekingdomsperiod

五、采用了各种写作策略和技巧，特别是对照和比较应用得最为广泛。例如刘备与曹操的对照，正如刘备所说：“今与吾水火相敌者，曹操也。操以急，吾以宽；操以暴，吾以仁；操以谲，吾以忠：每于操相反，事乃可成。”（第六十回）他们间的比较不仅是言语行为而且还包括思想理念和性格特征——刘备爱哭而曹操爱笑。诸葛亮与司马懿的对照也很突出：诸葛亮忠，司马懿奸；诸葛亮为公，司马懿为私；诸葛亮仁义，司马懿残忍等等。

再如结义的兄弟关系，是一种带有下层社会色彩的兄弟平等友爱的关系，其团结是建立在“义”的原则上的。这种结义兄弟关系与亲生兄弟关系间的比较发人深省。刘备、关羽和张飞，“虽然异姓，既结为兄弟，则同心协力，救困扶危；上报国家，下安黎庶；不求同年同月同日生，只愿同年同月同日死。”（第一回）并且实际上他们履行了自己的誓言。袁谭与袁尚，都是袁绍之子，为争冀州，兄弟开战，最终，袁谭在与曹军战斗中被杀，而袁尚被辽东太守公孙康谋杀。（第三十二至三十三回）刘琦与刘琮，都是刘表之子，为争权而斗。尽管刘琮被立为荆州之王，却被曹操令于禁所杀（第四十一回）；曹丕篡位后逼死其弟曹熊，又逼其弟曹植：“七步成章，吾犹以为迟。汝能应声而作诗一首否？”于是才有“煮豆燃豆萁，豆在釜中泣，本是同根生，相煎何太急！”（第七十九回）的不朽诗句。刘备“家贫，贩履织席为业”（第一回），自称是“孝景皇帝阁下玄孙”，也就是第十九代玄孙，太远房了！一个非常非常远房的远亲与一个十分亲密的嫡亲如荆州刺史刘表或益州牧刘焉及其子刘璋等之间是多么鲜明的对比啊！何谓忠孝也？

fifhly，allkindsofwriingsraegiesandechniquesareemployedinheromanceofhehreekingdoms，especiallyconrasandcomparisonaremosexensivelyusedforexample，heliubeicaocaoconras，jusasliubeisays，“hemanwhoismyanihesis，whosrugglesagainsmeasfireagainswaer，iscaocaowherehismeansarehasy，mineareemperae；wherehisareviolen，minearehumane；wherehisarecu

ing，mineareruehearedbymainainingmyopposiionocaocao，mycausemaysucceed”(chaper60)hecomparisonbeweenliubeiandcaocaoincludesnoonlyheirspeechesandbehaviourbualsoheirhinkingandconcepsandcharacerisics—liubei’scharacerisicgesureisweepingwhilecaocao’scharacerisicgesureisaughorasmilehezhugeliangsimayiconrasisveryousanding：zhugeliangloyal，simayireacherous；zhugeliangpublicspiriied，simayiselfish；zhugelianghumane，simayicruel；ecanoherexample，heswornbrohers’broherhoodisakindofegaliarianfraerniywihan“underworld”ingeissolidariyisbasedonheprincipleof“honor(yi)”

hecomparisonbeweenheswornbrohers’broherhoodandhebloodbrohers’broherhoodgivesabundanfoodforspecuionliubei，guanyuandzhangfei，“houghofseparaeancesry，joininbroherhoodhere，combiningsrenghandpurpose，orelievehepresencrisiswewillperformourduyoheemperorandproechecommonfolkofhendwedarenohopobeogeheralwaysbuherebyvowodieheselfsameday”(chaper1)andinfac，heyhaveallfulfilledheirpledgeyuananandyuanshang，bohofhemareyuanshao’ssons，sruggleforjizhou，finally，yuananiskilledinhebalewihcao’sarmywhileyuanshangismurderedbygongsunkang，governoroliaodong(chaper32ochaper33)liuqiandliuzong，bohareliubiao’ssons，fighforpoweralhoughliuzongisseasrulerofjingzhou，heiskilledbyyujinwhoisundercaocao’sorder(chaper41)aferhisusurpaion，caopihoundshisyoungerbrohercaoxiongodeahhealsooppresseshisanoheryoungerbrohercaozhibysaying：“sevenpacesakessomeimecanyoucreaeapoemonamomen’snoice？”ha’swhyiswrienheimmoralpoem“beanssimmeronabeansalkfmefrominsidehepoexpressedheirire：‘alivewesprouedonasingleroo—wha’syourrushocookusonhefire？’(chaper79)”liubeiis“sopoorhahehasosellsandalsandweavemasolive”(chaper1)hecimsobe“adescendanofemperorjingofheformerhan”，iehenieenhgeneraiondescendan，oo，ooremoe！whaasrikingconrasbeweenavery，veryremoedescendanandaveryclosepaernalreion，suchasimperialinspecorliubiaoorproecorofyizhouliuyanandhissonliuzhang，ecwhadofideliyandfilialpieymeanaferall？

六、对战争的描写是极其成功的，把一幕幕惊心动魄的战场、瞬息万变的形势，描述得非常鲜活、生动。它写了大小几十次战役，上百个战斗场面，这些战役与战斗各有特点，很少雷同。在写战争时，作者着重写战争双方的斗智过程，写军事统帅运筹帷幄之中，决胜千里之外的谋略，突出战争智慧。比如写赤壁之战，就主要写了诸葛亮、周瑜、曹操三人之间的斗智，写了诸葛亮舌战群儒、草船借箭、借东风、群英会蒋干中计、黄盖的苦肉计、庞统的连环计、周瑜的火烧战船等。计谋多变，花样百出，令人目不暇接。

sixhly，henovelgivesanexremelysuccessfullydeionofwarfareipresenshearquakingbaleseingsanddescribesconsanlychangingsiuaionsverylivelyandvividlyiinvolvesscoresofcampaignsgreaorsmallandahundredorsobales，allofwhichhaveheirownfeaureswihouanyrepeiionbuinhedeionsofwarfareheauhorysemphasisonabaleofwisbyhebelligerenparies，hewellp

edsraegiesofhemiliaryleaderswhocomeouvicoriousonhebalegroundaswellashewisdomofwarfareforexample，hebaleofheredcliffismainlyabouabaleofwisamongzhugeliang，zhouyuandcaocao，includingzhugeliang’sdebaewihhesouhernofficials，caocao’sarrowsborrowedbyzhugelianghrougharuse，heeaswindsupplicaedbyzhugeliang，arapsprungbyjiangganahecongregaionofheroes，aruseofflogginghuanggai，aseofinerlockingsraagemsbypongongandhefireunleashedocaocao’swarshipsbyzhouyu，onamejusafew

在叙述那些惊心动魄的历史时刻的过程中，《三国演义》对谋略的描写堪称一绝。书中的文韬武略层出不穷，令人惊叹，使这部堪称我国古代的一部智慧书。这些谋略将历史呈现为一个文武英雄斗智斗勇的舞台，让读者对历史上的英雄产生了无限神往。据说明末农民起义者还曾将它作为军事教科书使用，也据说在战争年代许多军事指挥员、士兵，甚至民兵把它作为军事教科书使用。在平时，一代又一代的政治家和战略家都把《三国演义》中的政治和军事谋划、策略用作参考，很多读者都把其中的一些人物作为崇拜偶像并学习他们的言论和行为，向他们学习如何做人、如何处事。不同的人都可从中受到不同的经验，获得不同的教益。《三国演义》卓越的文学成就使它深深地影响着东西方社会的各个阶层的人们，它也使三国热一阵高过一阵。

inheprocessofreproducinghearsirringhisoricalmomens，hedeionsofmiliarysraegiescanbecounedashepi

acleofiskindi

umerablealesofasonishingmiliaryexperisemakehenovelheembodimenofheancienwisdomofhechinesepeople，pcinghisoryonasagewherecivindmiliaryheroesovercomeheiradversarieswihbohsrenghandcraf，andleavingreaderswihrapadmiraionforhehisoricalheroesiissaidhainsurgenpeasansaheendofhemingdynasyusedhisnovelasamiliaryexbookiisalsosaidhamanymiliarycommanders，soldiers，evenmiliiamenusedhenovelasamiliaryexbookaswellduringhewaryearsinpeacefulyearshepoliicalandmiliaryinriguesandmaneuversinhenovelcanserveasreferenceforgeneraionsofsaesmenandsraegissmanyreadersakesomecharacersinhenovelasheirworshippingimagesandlearnheirspeechesandbehaviours，learningfromhemhowobeamanandhowodealwihaffairsdifferenpeoplecanderivedifferennourishmenandreceivedifferenexperiencesandlessonsfromheromanceofhehreekingdomsheprominenlieraryachievemensofhenovelmakeisinfluencedeeplyonpeoplefromallwalksoflifeinboheasernandwesernsocieyialsomakesonefeveronheromanceofhehreekingdomshigherhanheoherinrecenyears，hefeveronheromanceofhehreekingdoms’culureisspreadalloverheworld

24主要人物的人生（经验教训）

24　majorcharacers’lives(experiencesandlessons)

刘辩——汉少帝：“中平六年（公元189年）夏四月，灵帝病笃，召大将军何进入宫，商议后事。那何进起身屠家；因妹入宫为贵人，生皇子辩，遂立为皇后，进由是得权重任。

帝又宠幸王美人，生皇子协。何后嫉妒，鸩杀王美人。皇子协养于董太后宫中。董太后乃灵帝之母。……董太后尝劝帝立皇子协为太子。帝亦偏爱协，欲立之。当时病笃，中常侍蹇硕奏曰：‘若欲立协，必先诛何进，以绝后患。’帝然其说，因宣进入宫。进至宫门，司马潘隐谓进曰：‘不可入宫。蹇硕欲谋杀公。’进大惊，急归私宅，召诸大臣，欲尽诛宦官。……正踌躇间，潘隐至，言：‘帝已崩。今蹇硕与十常商议，秘不发丧，矫诏宣何国舅入宫，欲绝后患，册立皇子协为帝。’说未了，使命至，宣进速入，以定后事。操曰：‘今日之计，先宜正君位，然后图贼。’进曰：‘谁敢与吾正君讨贼？’一人挺身出曰：‘愿借精兵五千，斩关入内，册立新君，尽诛阉竖，扫清朝廷，以安天下！’进视之，乃司徒袁逢之子，袁隗之侄：名绍，字本初，现为司隶校尉。何进大喜，遂点御林军五千。绍全身披挂。何进引何罥、荀攸、郑泰等大臣三十余员，相继而入，就灵帝柩前，扶立太子辩即皇帝位。”（第二回）liubian—hanemperorshao：inhefourhmonhofhesixhyearofhezhongpingreign(ad189)，emperorlingfellgravelyillandcalledforregenhejinomakepnsforhesuccessionhejinwasfromabucher’sfamilyandhadaainedhispowerfulposiiononlyhroughheinfluenceofhisyoungersiser，dyhe，aroyalconcubinewhoongivingbirhoasonbian，hadbecomeempressheemperorlinghadasecondfavorie，dywangdywangooboreason，andempressheouofjealousypoisonedherhechild，xie，wasraisedinhepaceofheemperor’smoher，donginhemaerofling’sheirapparen，queenmoherdongurgedheemperoronamexie，sonofhemurderedconcubinewang，overbian，sonofempressheheemperorhimselfwasdisposedomakehischangeashewasparialoprincexieasemperorling’senddrewnear，heeunuchjianshuoadvisedhim，“ifiisyourmajesy’swishhaprincexie，noprincebian，followyouonhehrone，firsgeridofregenhejin，bian’suncle，oforesallcounermeasures”emperorlingookhisadviceandcommandedhejinoappearhejinarrivedahepacegaebuherewaswarnedbyhecommandingofficer，panyin，nooenerbecausejianshuomeanokillhimhejinfledohisquarersandsummonedheminisersandhighofficialsoconsiderexecuingallheeunuchsheproblemwassillunderdiscussionwhencommandingofficerpanyinbroughhenewsofheemperor’sdemise“jianshuoandheeunuchs，”heinformedhejin，“pnokeephedeahsecreheyhaveforgedadecreesummoningyouohepaceandexpecohaveheirwaybyeliminaingyoubeforedecringprincexieemperor”hegrouphadnoyereachedadecisionwhenhecour’smessengercamecommandinghejin’simmediaeappearanceoresolveallpendingissues“odaybeforeallelsewemusrecifyhesuccession，”criedcaocao“henwecanakecareofheraiors”“whowilljoinme，”askedhejin，“insupporinghelegiimaeheir，princebian，andbringingheraiorsojusice？”“givemefivehousandcrackroops，”oneofficialspokeup，“andiwillmarchinohepace，enhroherighfulemperor，desroyheeunuchs，andpurgehecour，husresoringpeaceinhend”hejineyedhespeakeriwasyuanshao(syledbenchu)，sonofformerminiserofheinerioryuanfeng，nephewofyuanwei；aheimeshaowascommnaderofhecapialdisricshejin，graifiedbyheoffer，assignedfivehousandofhisroyalguardoyuanshao’scommandyuanshaogirdedhimselfforbalewihhejininhelead，heyu，xunyou，zhengai，andsomehiryoherhighofficialsfiledinohepaceherebeforehecoffinofemperorlingheypcedhejin’snephew，princebian，onhehroneasling’ssuccessor，emperorshao”(chaper2)“