第10章 出生是人生的起点(2)

作者:舒启全

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类型:文艺·名著

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更新时间:2019-10-06 14:13

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本章字节:30420字

12 作者人生


12 hewrier’slife


众所周知,《红楼梦》的作者是曹雪芹(1715—1763),名沾,字梦阮,号雪芹、芹圃、芹溪。他出生在南京,祖籍在今天的东北辽阳市。他的祖先,尽管是汉族人,但后来被接纳入满族右白旗。接连三代,六十多年,他的祖父辈均任江宁(今天的南京)织造。他的曾祖母孙氏是康熙皇帝幼年时期的保姆,其祖父曹寅是康熙皇帝的陪读和近身侍卫。康熙皇帝六下江南巡视,有四次就是曹寅陪着照顾,独享殊荣。在曹寅死后,曹家在曹雪芹父亲曹俯的统领下继续享受着康熙皇帝的恩宠。但当雍正皇帝当政时,曹俯因被指控财经亏空和驿站管理失误而遭革职,家庭财产被没收。曹家从此结束了平静幸福的日子。他们必须从南京搬家到北京。曹雪芹原本过着娇养奢侈的生活长大。由于贫困缠身,他最终迁居到京西郊外乡下的茅舍里。茅舍只有盖席陋窗,绳床瓦灶。他家有时穷得吃不起饭,只有喝粥。1762年他年幼儿子的过早去世给了曹雪芹致命的打击。从此他就一病不起,没钱买好药治疗,他本人也于1763年2月12日与世长辞了,享年48岁。


iswellknownhaheauhorofadreamofredmansionsiscaoxueqin(1715—1763)hispersonalnamewaszhanhiscouresynamewasmengruanhislieraynameswerexueqin,qinpuorqinxi


hewasborninnanjinghisancesralhomewasinwhaisnowliaoyangciy,innorheaschina,andhisforebears,alhoughhanchinesehemselves,hadbeenaccepedinohemanchurighwhieba


er


forhreesuccessivegeneraions,aperiodofsome60years,hisancesorshadheldheposofexilecommissionerinjiangning(presendaynanjing)hispaernalgreagrandmoher,surnamedsun,hadbeennursemaidoheinfanwhowaserobecomehekangxiemperor,andhisgrandfaher,caoyin,hadbeenhefuureemperor’ssudycompanionandcloseaendanaccompanyinghimwhenhecameohehroneonfourofhissixinspecionoursofhesouh,asingurhonoraferhedeahofcaoyin,hefamily,underheheadshipofcaoxueqing’sfahercaofu,coninuedoenjoyheemperorsfavor,buwhenheyongzhengemperorascendedhehrone,caofuwasremovedfromhisofficeandpunishedonchargesoffinancialmismanagemenandincompeenceinhemanagemenofcouriersaionshefamilyproperywasconfiscaed,andhecaos’halcyondayscameoanendheyhadomovefromnanjingobeijing


caoxueqin,whohadspenhischildhoodinpamperedluxury,nowsharedhefamily’sfaeofawrechedexisencedoggedbypovery,heevenuallymovedoarusichovelwihmaingwindows,earhensoveandropebedonhewesouskirsofhecapialhewashensopoorhahisfamilysomeimeshadnohingmoresubsanialoeahanporridgehedeahofhisyoungsonin1762wasacrushingblowocao,fromwhichheneverrecoveredunableoaffordgoodmedicalreamen,hehimselfpassedawayonfebruary12,1763,aheageofforyeigh


曹雪芹生性高傲,是一位特别有才干的文学家。他也是一位画家,爱画各种各样的石头,其绘画风格正如他一个名叫敦敏的朋友所评述:刚毅。但曹雪芹的出名全靠他写作了《红楼梦》所取得的辉煌成就。


caoxueqinwashaughybynaure,buanexremelyalenedlierarymanhewasalsoapainerwholikedpainingsones,inasyledescribedbyafriendofhis—dunmin,assurdybucao’sfameressonhismagnificenachievemeninwriinghefulllenghnoveladreamofredmansions


曹雪芹在经历了家庭从权力和富裕的全盛期到突然衰败的痛苦后,在极端贫困的情况下写作了《红楼梦》。封建社会临亡前的各种矛盾和由于统治集团内部斗争而降落在曹家的各种灾难,使曹雪芹睁开了双眼,看清了很多现实的社会现象,也都被他最生动地写进了书里。他的人生经历不仅提供了他写《红楼梦》的素材,而且提高了他的意识并锤炼了他的性格。借助《红楼梦》,曹雪芹将他对人生深切的悲剧体验,对人类心灵的深刻洞察,对结构和人物的艺术创新以及对汉语语言的纯熟运用一并留给了世人。


adreamofredmansionswaswrienincircumsancesofdirepovery,afercaoxueqinhadsufferedhedeclineofhisfamilyforunesfromisheydayofpowerandaffluencehevariousconradicionsinmoribundfeudalsocieyandhecamiiesbefallinghisownfamilydueosruggleswihinherulingcssopenedcaoxueqin’seyesomanysignificansocialphenomenawhichhedescribedmosvividlyinhisbook


hislifeexperiencesnoonlyprovidedhemaerialforhenovel,heyalsoraisedhisawarenessandemperedhischaracerwihadreamofredmansions,caoxueqinbequeahedpeoplewihheragicexperiencesofhislife,hisdeepinsighinohumankind’si


erworlds,hisarisicinvenionofhenovel’ssrucureandcharacers,andhisgreamaseryofnguage


曹雪芹为什么要写《红楼梦》呢?他在《红楼梦》第一回里是这样解释的:他想记下他曾经历过的一些梦幻,但想借用“通灵”宝玉的比喻,隐去他经历过的事实,因此,求助“甄士隐”之类的名字。但书中所记何事何人?作者又解释说:我在忙忙碌碌的尘世中,一事无成,忽然想起我曾认识的所有女子,一一比较,我渐渐醒悟,她们的行为举止和思想见识都在我之上;我堂堂须眉,诚不如她们裙钗;我实愧则有余,悔又无益,真没办法!此时我决定将已往所赖天恩祖德,锦衣纨绔之时,饫甘餍肥之日,背父兄教育之恩,负师友规训之德,以致今日一技无成,半生潦倒之罪,编述一集,以告天下:知我之负罪固多,然闺阁中历历有人,万不可因我之不肖,自护己短,一并使其泯灭也。所以家住茅舍席窗、土灶绳床,并不足妨我襟怀;况那晨风夕月,阶柳庭花,更觉得润人笔墨,我虽不学无文,又何妨用假语村言,敷演出来,亦可使闺阁昭传,复可破一时之闷,醒同人之目,不亦宜乎?故曰“贾雨村”云云。


whydidcaoxueqinwrieadreamofredmansions?inheopeningchaperofhenovel,heexpins:heauhorwanedorecordcerainofhispasdreamsandillusions,buheriedohideheruefacsofhisexperiencebyusingheallegoryofhejadeof“spiriualundersanding”hencehisrecourseonameslike“zhenshiyin”(homophonefor“ruefacsconcealed”)buwhaareheevensrecordedinhisbook,andwhoarehecharacers?abouhisheexpinsfurher:inhisbusy,dusyworld,havingaccomplishednohing,isuddenlyrecalledallhegirlsihadknown,consideringeachinurn,andidawnedonmehaallofhemsurpassedmeinbehaviorandundersanding;hai,shamefulosay,forallmymasculinedigniy,fellshorofhegenlersexbusincehiscouldneverberemedied,iwasnouseregreingiherewasreallynohingobedoneidecidedhenomakeknownoallhowi,houghdressedinsilkanddelicaelynururedhanksoheimperialfavourandmyancesors’virue,hadneverhelessignoredhekindlyguidanceofmyeldersaswellashegoodadviceofeachersandfriends,wihheresulhaihadwasedhalfmylifeandnoacquiredasingleskillbunomaerhowunforgivablemycrimes,imusnoleallhelovelygirlsihaveknownpassinooblivionhroughmywickednessormydesireohidemyshorcomingshoughmyhomeisnowahachedcoagewihmaingwindows,earhensoveandropebed,hisshallnosopmefromyingbaremyhearindeed,hemorningbreeze,hedewofnigh,hewillowsbymysepsandheflowersinmycouryardinspiremeowieldmybrushhoughihavelilelearningorlieraryalen,whadoesimaerifiellaaleinrusicnguageoleavearecordofallhoselovelygirls


hisshoulddiverreadersooandhelpdisrachemfromheircareshaiswhyiuseheohername“jiayucun”(homophonefor“ficioninrusicnguage”)


那么,他如何写《红楼梦》的?在第一回里曹雪芹告诉读者:我想历来野史的朝代,无非假借“汉”“唐”的某时,莫如我这故事,不借此俗套,只按自己的事体情理,反倒更新颖独特。为什么硬要一定的朝代或确定的日期呢?此外,大多数一般市民更喜欢轻松愉快的文学而不喜欢曲高和寡的昂贵图书。何况如此多的浪漫野史中,或讪谤君相,或贬人妻女,奸淫凶恶,不可胜数;更有一种风月笔墨,其淫秽污臭,最易坏人子弟。至于才子佳人等书,千部一腔,千人一面,且终不能不涉及淫滥。那些作者为了要写进两首情诗艳赋,故意捏出两个陈规老套的男女主人公,又必旁添一小人拨乱其间,如戏中的小丑一般,更有甚者,使女仆侍女说话之乎者也,迂腐不堪。所有这些都充满了矛盾,荒唐得极不自然。


竟不如我年轻时亲见亲闻的几个女子,虽不敢说强似前代书中所有之人,但观其事迹原委,亦可消愁解闷,至于几首歪诗,也可喷饭供酒;其间离合悲欢,兴衰际遇,俱是按迹循踪,不敢稍加穿凿,至失其真。现在穷人每天关心的是衣食,而富人却从没满足,他们闲时美色娱乐,物欲获取或无事找事,何时要读道德文章?我既不想人们对我这部书感到奇异,也不要他们为取乐而去;我只愿世人在那醉余睡醒之时,或避事消愁之际,能从中找到消遣。看一下此书,不但是洗旧翻新,却也省了些寿命筋力,更不去谋虚逐妄了。还有,此书会向读者提供某些新鲜的东西,不像那些有很多才子佳人悲欢离合的陈腐大杂烩,如曹子建(192—232,名植,曹操之子,三国时期魏国着名诗人)、卓文君(公元前2世纪嫁给学者司马相如的寡妇)、红娘(元剧《西厢记》中一侍女作的媒人)之类。曹雪芹于悼红轩中,披阅十载,增删五次,纂成目录,分出章回,又题曰《金陵十二钗》;并题一绝,诗云:满纸荒唐言,一把辛酸泪!都云作者痴,谁解其中味?


hen,howdidhewrieadreamofredmansions?inchaperone,caoxueqinellsreaders:ifhere’snowayoffindingouhedae,youcaneasilyascribehisaleosomeimeinhehanorangdynasy


businceallnovelsdoha,ihinkmywayofdispensingwihhisconvenionandjusdealingwihmyownadvenuresandfeelingsismoreoriginalwhyinsisonaceraindynasyordefiniedae?besides,moscommonpeopleofhemarkepcemuchpreferlighlieraureoimprovingbooksheroubleishasomanyromancesconainsnderousanecdoesabousovereignsandminisersorcasaspersionsuponohermen’swivesanddaugherssohaheyarepackedwihsexandviolenceevenworsearehosewriersofhebreezeandmoonlighschool,whocorrupheyouhwihpornographyandfilhasforbooksofhebeauyandalenedschorype,ahousandarewrienoasinglepaernandnoneescapesborderingonindecencyinorderoinseracoupleofheirownlovepoems,hewriersinvensereoypedheroesandheroineswihheineviablelowcharacersomakeroublesamonghemlikeclownsinpys,andmakeevenhesvegirlsalkpedanicnonsensesoallhesenovelsarefullofconradicionsandabsurdlyu


aural


muchbeerarehegirlsihaveknownmyselfduringmyyoungerdaysiwouldn’presumeorankhemassuperioroallhecharacersofearlierworks,yeheirsoriesmayserveodispelboredomandcarewhilehefewdoggerelsihaveinseredmayraiseaughandaddzesowineasforhescenesofsadparingsandhappymeeings,prosperiyanddecline,heseareallrueofacandnoaleredinheslighesocauseasensaionordeparfromheruhapresenhedailyconcernofhepoorisfoodandclohing,whileherichareneversaisfiedallheirleisureisakenupwihamorousadvenures,maerialacquisiionorroublemakingwhaimedoheyhaveoreadpoliicalandmoralreaises?ineiherwanpeopleomarvelahissoryofmine,nordoiinsishaheyshouldreadiforpleasure;ionlyhopeheymayfinddisracionherewhenheyaresaedwihfoodandwineorsearchingforsomeescapefromworldlycaresbygncingoveriinpceofohervainpursuis,heymaysaveheirenergiesandprolongheirlives,sparinghemselvesheharmofquarrelsandargumens,orheroubleofchasingaferwhaisillusorybesides,hissoryoffersreaderssomehingnew,unlikehosehackneyedandsalehodgepodgesofsuddenparingsandencounerswhicheemwihalenedschorsandlovelygirls,forinsance,caozijian(192—232,caocao’syoungerson,anoedpoeofweisaeofhehreekingdomsperiod),zhuowenjun(hewidowwhomarriedheschorsimaxiangruinhesecondcenurybc),hongniang(hemaidandgobeweeninheyuandramahewesernchamber)andhelikecaoxueqininhismourningheredsudioporedoverhebookforenyearsandrewroeifiveimeshedividediinochapers,furnishedheadingsforeach,andrenamedihewelvebeauiesofjinlinghealsoinscribedonihisverse:


pagesfulloffanasicalkpe


edwihbierears;allmencallheauhormad;nonehismessagehears


在写作《红楼梦》的过程中,为了避免对所谓破坏性写作实行残酷的惩罚,作者不得不使用一种隐匿的间接的写作方法。因此,在一开头,作者就通过讲述“女娲补天”和“木石前盟”的神话故事,求助甄士隐、甄英莲、贾雨村等人名,温柔富贵乡、大荒山无稽崖青埂峰、太虚幻境等地名,警幻仙子、神瑛侍者、风流孽鬼等鬼神,隐去其亲身经历过的真事;通过记录其梦幻、诗词、灯谜、酒令、签语、歌曲、专名等,求助谐音(例如在太虚幻境小鬟捧给宝玉的茶名“千红一窟”,“窟”谐音同“哭”,酒名“万艳同杯”,“杯”


谐音同“悲”)、隐含(例如在王熙凤的梦中,秦可卿告诉她“三春去后诸芳尽,各自须寻各自门”,隐含着“若如今以为荣华会永远不思将来后路,则是鼠目寸光”之意)、预示(如警幻仙子令宝玉看的“他家上中下三等女子的终身册籍”,那些册籍就预示着那些女子的人生)等,便将甄士(真事)隐去贾雨村言(假语存焉)了。换言之,作者不能公开披露当时政治斗争的真相,他只能宣称他书“一丁点儿都不触及时事”,相反,“其主题是情爱”。事实上,伟大的现实主义作家曹雪芹已达到了对现实政治的邪恶进行了激烈抨击的程度。表面上大量谈论的是宝玉与黛玉之间的爱情,而实际上,通过爱情故事和其他一系列的事件,作者深刻地揭露了封建制度的邪恶和封建统治者的罪行。也描述了劳动群众的痛苦和反叛,真实地反映了封建末期的社会矛盾和当时的实际政治斗争。除用他不落俗套、只按自己的事体情理,反倒显得新鲜别致的写作方法和用一种隐匿的间接的写作方法外,鲜明的对照也是另一种最突出的写作方法,如甄宝玉与贾宝玉,贾母与刘姥姥;太虚幻境与现实社会;大观园外以男人为中心的统治者世界与大观园内以女人为中心的被统治者世界等之间的鲜明对照。正如鲁迅在其《中国史略》中所说:“自从《红楼梦》诞生以来,传统的思想和写法都被打破了。”


inwriingadreamofredmansions,inorderoavoidhecruelpenaliesforsubversivewriing,heauhorhadowrieinaveiled,indirecwayhusahesarofhenovelheauhorriedohideheruefacsofhisexperiencebyellinghemyhsofnvwarepairingheskyandhepledgebeweenpnandsone,hencehisrecourseonamesofpeoplezhenshiyin,zhenyinglian,jiayucun,ec,namesofpceshehomeofpleasureandluxury,blueridgepeakofbaselesscliffofgreawasemounain,illusoryndofgreavoid,ec,namesofghossandgodsorgoddesses,hegoddessofdisenchanmen,heaendanshenying,heromanicsouls,ec,byrecordinghisdreamsandillusions,poemsandverses,nernriddles,drinkinggames,drawinglos,songsandmusic,propernames,ec,hencehisrecourseohomophones(eginillusoryndofgreavoid,henameofheeaheyoungmaidspresenobaoyuishousandredflowersinonecavern,inwhichheword“cavern”ishehomophonefor“sob”andhenameofhewineisenhousandbeauiesinonecup,inwhichheword“cup”ishehomophonefor“grief”),implicaions(eg


inwangxifeng’sdream,qingkeqingellsherha“aferhehreemonhsofhespring,allflowerswillfadeandeachwillhaveofindhisownwayou”whichimplieshaiwouldbeveryshorsighednooakehoughforhefuureinhebeliefhaourpresengoodforunewillsforever),indicaions(eghegoddessofdisenchanmenmakesbaoyu“lookahehreeregisersofhegirlsinhisownhousehold”,whichindicaehegirls’lives),ecsohahecouldhaveheruefacsconcealedwihficioninrusicnguageinoherwords,heauhorcouldnoopenlypresenheruefacsofheconemporarypoliicalsrugglehecouldonlycimhahisbook“didnoouchaalloncurrenevens”andhaonheconrary“hemainhemewaslove”infac,hegrearealiswriercaoxueqinmounedabieraackonheevilsofrealpoliicsonhesurfacehisnoveldealsrgelywihhelovebeweenbaoyuanddaiyu,buacually,hroughhissoryaswellasmanyoherepisodesinhebook,heauhorperainglyexposesheevilsofhefeudalsysemandhecrimesofhefeudalrulersialsodescribeshesufferingsandrevolofhebouringmasses,ruhfullyreflecinghesocialconradicionsinhesperiodoffeudalismaswellasheacualpoliicalsrugglesofheimebesideshiswayofdispensingwihhisconvenionandjusdealingwihhisownadvenuresandfeelingsismoreoriginalandwriinginaveiled,indirecway,asrikingconrasisanohermosousandingwriingmehod,forexample,hesrikingconrassbeweenzhenbaoyuandjiabaoyu,beweenhedydowagerandgra


yliu,beweenillusoryndofgreavoidandheacualsociey,beweenherulers’


worldceneredbymenousidehegrandviewgardenandheruledworldceneredbywomeninsidehegrandviewgarden,ecjusasluxunobservedinhehisoricaldevelopmenofchineseficion:“heappearanceofhisnovelmarkedabreakwihradiionalideasandmehodsofwriing”


曹雪芹的巨大成就不仅在于写了一部具有圆满至上的艺术与完美无缺的技巧的伟大《红楼梦》,还在于他把一种新的较高级的对人生和爱情的观念引入了中国文学和社会。


caoxueqin’sgreadisincionisnoonlyhavingwrienagreanoveladreamofredmansionswihconsummaearandperfecechnique,bualsohavinginroducedanewandhigherconcepionoflifeandloveinochineselieraureandsociey


曹雪芹的人生是永远光辉灿烂的人生。曹雪芹所写的《红楼梦》之美,正如莎士比亚的第18首商籁诗所歌颂的美一样永存。因此,曹雪芹就永远活在我们读者的心中——通过写作《红楼梦》,曹先生把他的生命融入了不朽的作品中,从而使他的生命无限延长,人死名存,虽死犹生,这种精神难道不值得我们去学习和研究吗?


caoxueqin’slifeisohaisshiningbrillianlyforeverhebeauyofadreamofredmansionsbycaoxueqincanexisforeverjusashebeauypraisedinshakespeareanso


exviiiherefore,caoxueqinisalwayslivinginhehearsofallreadersonearh—bywriingadreamofredmansions,mrcaohasembodiedhislifeinhiseversingworkshislifeisconsequenlyprolongedforever—hisbodyisdeadwhilehisfameisundyinghe’ssilllivingoninspiriisn’iworhourlearningandsudy?